Coordination in Life Processes — Practice

Question 1

In which of the following situations can you taste most quickly?

Accepted Answer

Press the tongue slowly against the palate

Question 2

The sphincter that helps in the opening of the stomach into the duodenum is

Accepted Answer

Pyloric

Question 3

The region of the brain that controls hunger signals is

Accepted Answer

Diencephalon

Question 4

In the dentition ratio 2:1:2:3 the 1 represents ______; large protein molecules are broken down in the ______; the strong acid secreted during digestion is ______; and the pH of saliva is ______ in nature.

Accepted Answer

The canine; the stomach; hydrochloric acid, HCl; alkaline

Question 5

What do you mean by hunger pangs, and what causes them?

Accepted Answer

Contractions in the stomach felt as hunger, caused by ghrelin secreted from the stomach wall when glucose in the blood falls and the stomach goes empty.

Question 6

Give reasons: we cannot identify taste when food is very hot, and the small intestine is like a coiled pipe.

Accepted Answer

Food must dissolve in saliva and reach the taste cells inside the taste buds, which very hot food interferes with; and coiling packs a long absorptive length with many folds into a small space.

Question 7

Write a note on peristalsis and on sphincter function in the stomach.

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis is a wave of contraction behind the food and relaxation in front of it that pushes food along the canal; the pyloric sphincter at the stomach outlet regulates how much chyme passes into the duodenum at a time.

Question 8

What experiment would you perform to understand the action of saliva on flour? Explain the procedure and the apparatus.

Accepted Answer

Make a flour suspension, confirm starch with iodine, split it into two equal portions, add saliva to one only, and test both with iodine after 45 minutes.

Question 9

How can you justify calling the enteric nervous system the second brain of the gut?

Accepted Answer

Because it holds about 100 million neurons in the wall of a nine-metre tube — more than the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system — has its own reflexes and senses, and can control several gut functions independently of the brain.

Question 10

List the sphincter muscles of the food canal mentioned in the book and describe each briefly.

Accepted Answer

The oesophageal sphincter at the entry to the stomach, the pyloric sphincter between stomach and duodenum, and the internal and external anal sphincters at the exit.

Practice — Coordination in Life Processes

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