Social Sector — Education, Health & Social Justice — Practice

Question 1

Which independent survey is the standard citation for India's foundational-learning gap?

Accepted Answer

The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER).

Question 2

What is the hospitalisation cover limit under PM-JAY?

Accepted Answer

₹5 lakh per family per year.

Question 3

Which constitutional amendment introduced the 10% EWS reservation, and in which year?

Accepted Answer

The 103rd Constitutional Amendment, 2019.

Question 4

Name the two components of Ayushman Bharat and state what each does.

Accepted Answer

Health and Wellness Centres (upgrading primary healthcare access) and PM-JAY (hospitalisation cover up to ₹5 lakh/family/year for economically vulnerable households).

Question 5

What reservation ceiling did the Indra Sawhney judgment (1992) establish, and is it absolute?

Accepted Answer

A 50% ceiling on total reservations, treated as the general rule but not absolute — exceptions have been permitted in 'extraordinary circumstances.'

Question 6

Name one scheme targeting India's declining child sex ratio and one targeting women's financial inclusion.

Accepted Answer

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (2015) for child sex ratio/girls' education; Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) for financial inclusion.

Question 7

Explain the 'access without learning' pattern in Indian education, citing the relevant survey and NEP 2020's structural response.

Accepted Answer

Near-universal primary enrolment has been achieved, but ASER repeatedly finds many upper-primary students cannot read lower-primary-level text or solve simple division problems — a gap between access and actual learning. NEP 2020 responds structurally by replacing the 10+2 system with a 5+3+3+4 design aligned to developmental age bands, emphasising foundational literacy and numeracy in the earliest stage.

Question 8

Trace the chronological development of India's reservation framework from SC/ST reservation to EWS reservation, naming the key basis and reference point for each.

Accepted Answer

SC/ST reservation: constitutional provisions from 1950, based on social/educational backwardness. OBC reservation: implemented from 1990 following the Mandal Commission's recommendations, also social/educational backwardness basis. EWS reservation: 103rd Constitutional Amendment, 2019, the first category based on economic criteria alone. The Indra Sawhney judgment (1992) established the general 50% ceiling on total reservations that later categories, including EWS, interact with.

Practice — Social Sector — Education, Health & Social Justice

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