Demographics, Urbanisation & Sustainable Development — Practice

Question 1

What condition does the term 'demographic dividend' describe?

Accepted Answer

A historically high working-age share of the population relative to dependents (children and elderly).

Question 2

How many SDGs are there, and what is their target year?

Accepted Answer

17 goals, targeted for 2030 (adopted 2015).

Question 3

By which year has India committed to achieving net-zero emissions?

Accepted Answer

2070, announced at COP26 (2021).

Question 4

Distinguish the Smart Cities Mission from AMRUT.

Accepted Answer

Smart Cities Mission focuses on area-based, technology-enabled development in a select set of cities; AMRUT targets basic infrastructure (water supply, sewerage, urban transport) across a much broader set of towns.

Question 5

Why is India's demographic dividend better described as state-specific windows rather than one national window?

Accepted Answer

Different states are at different points in the demographic transition — several southern and western states are ageing faster than the national average while others remain more youthful, so the dividend's timing differs meaningfully by state.

Question 6

Why is rural-urban migration in India often described as 'circular' rather than a single permanent move?

Accepted Answer

Many migrant workers move between rural and urban areas seasonally, driven by agricultural cycles and urban labour demand, rather than relocating permanently — a pattern consistently shown in Census and PLFS-style data.

Question 7

State all three of India's dated NDC commitments announced at COP26 (2021), with their exact target years and figures.

Accepted Answer

Reduce the emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 (from a 2005 baseline); achieve about 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil-fuel sources by 2030; achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.

Question 8

Explain why a country could have a favourable age structure and still fail to capture a 'demographic dividend.'

Accepted Answer

A demographic dividend requires sufficient productive employment, skills development and health infrastructure to absorb and productively employ the large working-age cohort. If job creation lags behind the working-age population's growth, the same favourable age structure produces rising unemployment or underemployment instead of a growth dividend — the dividend is conditional, not automatic.

Practice — Demographics, Urbanisation & Sustainable Development

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