Land Reforms, Animal Husbandry & Allied Activities — Practice

Question 1

Name the three components of India's post-Independence land reform agenda.

Accepted Answer

Abolition of intermediary tenures (zamindari-type systems), tenancy reform, and land ceiling laws.

Question 2

In which year was Operation Flood launched, and by which institution?

Accepted Answer

1970, by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).

Question 3

In which year was PMMSY launched?

Accepted Answer

2020.

Question 4

What was 'Operation Barga,' and why is it cited as the standard tenancy-reform success example?

Accepted Answer

A programme recording and protecting sharecroppers' (bargadars') rights in West Bengal — cited as the standard success example because it achieved effective tenancy-rights protection through strong political will and administrative follow-through, unlike many other states' weaker enforcement.

Question 5

Name the three tiers of the Anand pattern dairy cooperative structure.

Accepted Answer

Village Dairy Cooperative Society (farmer level) → District Milk Union (processing/distribution) → State Federation (marketing/coordination).

Question 6

Why is livestock ownership considered more inclusive as a rural-income source than land-based farming?

Accepted Answer

Livestock ownership is unusually broad-based, with many landless or marginal-land rural households owning at least some livestock, making animal husbandry accessible as a livelihood even to households excluded from land-based farm income.

Question 7

Explain why a cooperative-ownership model proved especially effective for India's dairy sector, structurally.

Accepted Answer

The vast majority of India's milk producers are smallholders with just one or two animals, not large commercial dairies. A cooperative structure (the Anand pattern) allows these numerous small producers to pool output, access processing/marketing infrastructure, and capture a larger, more direct share of the consumer price — keeping profits and price-setting power substantially with the producers themselves, rather than concentrating it with corporate processors or middlemen, which is why it matched India's smallholder-dominated dairy structure so effectively.

Question 8

Explain why land record modernisation is described as 'foundational infrastructure' for rural credit access.

Accepted Answer

Institutional credit is often secured against land as collateral, or at minimum requires clear proof of cultivation rights. Where land records are outdated or inaccurate (not reflecting actual ownership or tenancy arrangements), farmers cannot easily establish a clear, bankable title or right, which directly blocks their access to institutional credit — making accurate land records a prerequisite for effective rural-credit delivery, not merely an administrative convenience.

Practice — Land Reforms, Animal Husbandry & Allied Activities

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