Human Health and Diseases — Practice

Question 1

Differentiate between active and passive immunity.

Accepted Answer

In active immunity the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to an antigen (infection or vaccination); it is slow to develop but long-lasting. In passive immunity ready-made antibodies are received from outside (mother to child, or antivenom); it acts immediately but is short-lived.

Question 2

Which cells does HIV primarily destroy, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

HIV destroys helper T-cells (CD4+). Since these activate B-cells and killer T-cells, their loss causes progressive immune deficiency, the hallmark of AIDS.

Question 3

Name the vector and pathogen for malaria.

Accepted Answer

Vector: female Anopheles mosquito. Pathogen: Plasmodium (a protozoan, e.g. P. vivax, P. falciparum).

Question 4

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumours are localised and do not spread, so they are usually removable. Malignant tumours invade nearby tissues and can metastasise to distant sites, making them life-threatening.

Question 5

Name two bacterial and two viral diseases.

Accepted Answer

Bacterial: typhoid, pneumonia, tetanus (any two). Viral: common cold, AIDS, hepatitis B, influenza (any two).

Practice — Human Health and Diseases

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