Evolution — Practice

Question 1

Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs with an example of each.

Accepted Answer

Homologous organs have the same basic structure but different functions, indicating common ancestry (human arm, bat wing, whale flipper). Analogous organs have different structures but the same function, indicating convergent evolution (bird wing and insect wing).

Question 2

State the Hardy-Weinberg principle and its conditions.

Accepted Answer

Allele frequencies in a population stay constant across generations in the absence of evolutionary forces. Conditions: large population, random mating, no mutation, no gene flow, and no natural selection.

Question 3

If 1% of a population shows a recessive disorder, find the carrier frequency.

Accepted Answer

q^2 = 0.01, so q = 0.1 and p = 0.9. Carriers (2pq) = 2 x 0.9 x 0.1 = 0.18, i.e. 18%.

Question 4

What is adaptive radiation? Illustrate with Darwin's finches.

Accepted Answer

It is the evolution of several species from a common ancestor adapting to different environments. Darwin's finches radiated from one ancestral species into many with different beak shapes suited to different foods.

Question 5

What evidence suggests humans originated in Africa?

Accepted Answer

The oldest hominin fossils are found in Africa, genetic diversity is highest among African populations, and mitochondrial DNA points to a common African ancestor about 200,000 years ago.

Practice — Evolution

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