How do Organisms Reproduce? — Practice

Question 1

Give one example of binary fission.

Accepted Answer

✦ Answer: Amoeba (also Paramecium, bacteria). Parent splits into two equal halves.

Question 2

Which part of the flower is the male reproductive part?

Accepted Answer

✦ Answer: STAMEN (consists of anther and filament). Anther produces pollen.

Question 3

Compare sexual and asexual reproduction.

Accepted Answer

Step 1 — Number of parents.
  Asexual: ONE parent
  Sexual: TWO parents (usually)

Step 2 — Gamete fusion.
  Asexual: NO fusion
  Sexual: Male gamete + Female gamete fuse → ZYGOTE

Step 3 — Offspring.
  Asexual: GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to parent (clones)
  Sexual: GENETICALLY DIFFERENT (variation)

Step 4 — Speed.
  Asexual: FAST (e.g., bacteria divide every 20 min)
  Sexual: SLOWER (months to years)

Step 5 — Evolution.
  Asexual: limited variation; slow evolution
  Sexual: variation generated; rapid evolution

Step 6 — Examples.
  Asexual: amoeba (binary fission), yeast (budding), bread mould (spores)
  Sexual: humans, most animals, flowering plants

Step 7 — Some species do BOTH.
  Plants: vegetative + sexual. Hydra: budding + sexual.

✦ Answer: ASEXUAL: 1 parent, no gamete fusion, identical clones, fast. Examples: amoeba, yeast. SEXUAL: 2 parents, gamete fusion, genetically diverse offspring, slower. Examples: humans, most animals. Some species use both for advantages. Asexual works in stable environments; sexual in changing environments.

Question 4

Describe the human reproductive system (male and female) and the process of fertilisation.

Accepted Answer

Step 1 — MALE reproductive system.
  • TESTES (2): produce SPERM and TESTOSTERONE
  • SCROTUM: pouch holding testes outside body (cooler than 37°C — needed for sperm production)
  • VAS DEFERENS: tubes carrying sperm from testes
  • PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESICLES: glands adding fluid → SEMEN
  • URETHRA: tube through penis (also for urine)
  • PENIS: organ of intercourse

Step 2 — FEMALE reproductive system.
  • OVARIES (2): produce EGGS and HORMONES (estrogen, progesterone)
  • FALLOPIAN TUBES: where fertilisation occurs
  • UTERUS (womb): where baby develops
  • VAGINA: birth canal
  • CERVIX: neck of uterus

Step 3 — Puberty.
  Around age 10-14, hormones surge:
  • Males: testosterone → facial hair, deeper voice, muscle development
  • Females: estrogen → breast development, menstruation

Step 4 — Menstrual cycle.
  ~28 days. Day 1-5: menstruation. Day 14: OVULATION (egg released).
  If fertilised: pregnancy. If not: uterine lining sheds.

Step 5 — Fertilisation.
  Sexual intercourse: sperm released into vagina, travel through cervix, uterus, into fallopian tube.
  Only ~1 in millions reaches the egg.
  Sperm + egg fuse in FALLOPIAN TUBE → ZYGOTE.
  Zygote travels to uterus.

Step 6 — Implantation.
  Zygote attaches to uterine wall, develops into EMBRYO.
  Placenta forms — connecting baby to mother for oxygen, nutrients.
  After ~40 weeks (9 months), baby is born through vagina.

Step 7 — Birth.
  Strong contractions (oxytocin hormone) push baby out.
  Some require C-section (surgical removal).

Step 8 — Reproductive health.
  Importance of: hygiene, nutrition, contraception (if needed), STD prevention.
  Indian healthcare: improving maternal/child mortality.

Step 9 — Variation.
  Sexual reproduction creates GENETIC VARIATION — each child gets half genes from each parent. This is the foundation of evolution.

✦ Answer: MALE: testes produce sperm + testosterone; vas deferens carries sperm. FEMALE: ovaries produce eggs + hormones; uterus for development. PUBERTY: hormone-driven sexual maturation. MENSTRUAL CYCLE: ~28 days with ovulation day 14. FERTILISATION: sperm + egg fuse in FALLOPIAN TUBE → zygote → implants in uterus → develops 9 months → birth. Sexual reproduction creates genetic variation, foundation of evolution.

Practice — How do Organisms Reproduce?

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