Chapter 3 of 8

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ICSE Class 3 Mathematics★ 6-9 marks in Class 3 Mathematics; tables, multiplication, division, and word problems

Multiplication and Division

Learn MULTIPLICATION tables up to 10. Multiply by 2-digit numbers. DIVISION by 1-digit numbers. Properties of multiplication and division. Word problems. ICSE Class 3 Mathematics.

⏱ 10 min readEasy difficulty✓ Free · NCERT-aligned

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By the end of this chapter you'll be able to…

1Recall multiplication tables up to 10
2Multiply 2- and 3-digit numbers by 1- and 2-digit numbers
3Divide by a 1-digit number with remainders
4Apply properties of multiplication (commutative, identity, zero)
5Solve multiplication and division word problems

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Why this chapter matters

Multiplication (repeated addition) and division (equal sharing) are everyday operations used for buying in groups, sharing fairly, and scaling quantities. Strong tables and the link between the two operations set up fractions, factors, and later arithmetic.

Before you start — revise these

A 5-minute refresher here will save you 30 minutes of confusion below.

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Class 3 Mathematics: Addition and subtraction

Repeated addition leads to multiplication

Multiplication and Division

1. Multiplication — Repeated Addition

Multiplication is adding the SAME number again and again.

'3 × 4 means 3 groups of 4. 4 + 4 + 4 = 12. So 3 × 4 = 12.'

Addition	Multiplication	Product
2 + 2 + 2	3 × 2	6
5 + 5 + 5 + 5	4 × 5	20
10 + 10 + 10	3 × 10	30
7 + 7	2 × 7	14

2. Multiplication Tables (1 to 10)

Table	Sequence
1	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
2	2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
3	3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30
4	4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40
5	5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
6	6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60
7	7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70
8	8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80
9	9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90
10	10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100

3. Multiplication by 1-Digit

Example:

Multiply 234 × 3

H	T	O
2	3	4
×		3
6	9	12

Step 1: 3 × 4 = 12 → write 2, carry 1 Step 2: 3 × 3 = 9 + 1 = 10 → write 0, carry 1 Step 3: 3 × 2 = 6 + 1 = 7

Answer: 702

4. Multiplication by 2-Digit

Example:

Multiply 23 × 14

   23
×  14
-------
   92   (23 × 4)
+ 230   (23 × 10)
-------
  322

Answer: 322

Another Example:

45 × 12 = 45 × 10 + 45 × 2 = 450 + 90 = 540

5. Properties of Multiplication

Property	Meaning	Example
Commutative	Order does NOT matter	3 × 5 = 5 × 3
Identity	× 1 gives same number	7 × 1 = 7
Zero	× 0 gives 0	9 × 0 = 0

Division means SHARING a number into EQUAL groups.

'12 ÷ 3 means share 12 equally among 3. Each gets 4.'

Parts of Division:

Dividend — the number being divided.
Divisor — the number you divide by.
Quotient — the answer.
Remainder — what is left over.

Formula: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

7. Division by 1-Digit

Example 1:

Divide 84 ÷ 4

2	1
4	8
-8
0	4
	-4
	0

Answer: 21

Example 2:

Divide 95 ÷ 4

2	3	R 3
4	9	5
-8
1	5
-1	2
3

Answer: 23 Remainder 3

8. Word Problems

Problem 1 — Multiplication:

There are 6 tables in a class. Each table has 4 students. How many students?

Solution: 6 × 4 = 24 students

Problem 2 — Division:

24 students are divided into 4 equal teams. How many in each team?

Solution: 24 ÷ 4 = 6 students per team

Problem 3:

A pack of pencils costs Rs. 12. What is the cost of 5 packs?

Solution: 12 × 5 = Rs. 60

Problem 4:

45 apples are shared equally among 9 children. How many apples does each child get?

Solution: 45 ÷ 9 = 5 apples each

9. Common Mistakes

Not knowing tables well: 'If you don't know your multiplication tables, division will be HARD. Practice tables every day!'
Forgetting the remainder: 'In 14 ÷ 3, 3 × 4 = 12. Remainder = 14 - 12 = 2. The remainder MUST be less than the divisor.'
Confusing × and ÷: 'Multiplication and division are OPPOSITES. If 6 × 4 = 24, then 24 ÷ 4 = 6 and 24 ÷ 6 = 4.'
Wrong order in division: '84 ÷ 4 means "How many 4s make 84?" NOT "How many 84s make 4?"'

10. Key Facts to Remember

'Multiplication is REPEATED ADDITION.'
'Division is SHARING EQUALLY.'
'Any number × 1 = the same number. Any number × 0 = 0.'
'The remainder is ALWAYS less than the divisor.'
'Multiplication and division are INVERSE operations.'

11. Self-Test

Q1: What is 7 × 8?

Q2: Multiply: 345 × 2

Q3: Multiply: 23 × 12

Q4: Divide: 56 ÷ 7

Q5: Divide: 78 ÷ 3

Q6: If 8 children share 32 candies equally, how many does each child get?

Q7: A book costs Rs. 45. What is the cost of 3 such books?

Q8: Is 67 ÷ 5 = 13 R 2 correct? Verify.

Answers:

A1: 56 A2: 690 A3: 276 A4: 8 A5: 26 A6: 32 ÷ 8 = 4 candies each A7: 45 × 3 = Rs. 135 A8: Check: 5 × 13 = 65. 65 + 2 = 67. Yes, correct!

Key formulas & results

Everything you need to memorise, in one card. Screenshot this for revision.

Division relationship

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

The remainder is always less than the divisor.

Inverse operations

If 6 x 4 = 24 then 24 / 4 = 6 and 24 / 6 = 4

Multiplication and division undo each other.

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Common mistakes & fixes

These are the exact errors that cost students marks in board exams. Read them once, save yourself the trouble.

WATCH OUT

✗ Weak knowledge of tables

✓ Practise tables daily; division depends on knowing them well.

WATCH OUT

✗ Forgetting or mis-sizing the remainder

✓ The remainder must always be smaller than the divisor.

WATCH OUT

✗ Dividing in the wrong order

✓ 84 / 4 asks 'how many 4s make 84', not 'how many 84s make 4'.

NCERT exercises (with solutions)

Every NCERT exercise from this chapter — what it covers and how many questions to expect.

Multiplication

Tables, and multiplying by 1- and 2-digit numbers

Questions

Division and word problems

Dividing with remainders and real-life problems

Questions

Practice problems

Try each one yourself before tapping "Show solution". Active recall > rereading.

Q1EASY· Tables

What is 7 x 8?

▶ Show solution

56.

Q2EASY· Multiply

Multiply 23 x 12.

▶ Show solution

276.

Q3EASY· Divide

Divide 78 by 3.

▶ Show solution

26.

Q4MEDIUM· Word Problem

45 apples are shared equally among 9 children. How many does each get?

▶ Show solution

45 / 9 = 5 apples each.

5-minute revision

The whole chapter, distilled. Read this the night before the exam.

•Multiplication is repeated addition.
•Division is sharing equally into groups.
•Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder.
•The remainder is always less than the divisor.
•Any number x 1 = the number; any number x 0 = 0.
•Order does not matter in multiplication (3 x 5 = 5 x 3).
•Multiplication and division are inverse operations.

ICSE marks blueprint

Where the marks come from in this chapter — so you can plan your prep.

Typical chapter weightage: 6-9 marks, depending on the school paper

Question type	Marks each	Typical count	What it tests
Multiplication	3-4	2	Tables and multiplying numbers
Division / Word problems	3-5	2	Dividing with remainders and real situations

Prep strategy

Memorise tables up to 10
Practise long multiplication and division steps
Always check the remainder is less than the divisor
Read word problems to decide multiply or divide

Where this shows up in the real world

This chapter isn't just an exam topic — it lives in the world around you.

Shopping in groups

Finding the cost of several identical items uses multiplication.

Sharing fairly

Dividing sweets or teams equally uses division.

Arranging in rows

Seating or stacking in equal rows uses both operations.

Exam strategy

Battle-tested tips from teachers and toppers for this chapter.

Recall tables quickly to save time
Show each step of long multiplication and division
Check the remainder is less than the divisor
Decide multiply or divide before solving word problems

Going beyond the textbook

For olympiad aspirants and curious learners — topics that build on this chapter.

Find a number that leaves remainder 2 when divided by both 3 and 4.
Discover the pattern in the 9 times table digits.

Where else this chapter is tested

CBSE board isn't the only one — other exams test this chapter too.

ICSE Class 3 School ExamHigh

Maths Olympiad / IMO (junior)Medium

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Questions students ask

The real ones — pulled from the Q&A community and tutor sessions.

Multiplication is a quick way to add the same number many times. For example, 3 x 4 means 3 groups of 4, which is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12. Instead of writing out the long addition, we just say 3 x 4 = 12. This is why knowing your tables makes adding equal groups much faster, and it is the reason multiplication and addition are closely connected.

When you divide, you share out as many full groups as possible. If the leftover amount were equal to or bigger than the divisor, you could still make at least one more full group, so the division would not be finished. For example, in 14 / 3 you make 4 groups of 3 (which is 12) and have 2 left over; 2 is smaller than 3, so no more groups can be made and 2 is the correct remainder.

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