By the end of this chapter you'll be able to…

  • 1Understand APJ Abdul Kalam — Missile Man and President
  • 2Examine India's composite culture through Kalam's childhood
  • 3Identify the two key incidents on communal harmony
  • 4Connect humble origins to national leadership
  • 5Apply lessons of tolerance and hard work to today's India
💡
Why this chapter matters
Excerpted from APJ Abdul Kalam's autobiography 'Wings of Fire' — a foundational text on Indian pluralism, communal harmony, family values, and the roots of greatness. Profile of India's beloved 'People's President'.

Before you start — revise these

A 5-minute refresher here will save you 30 minutes of confusion below.

My Childhood — Class 9 English (Beehive)

"I was the youngest of three brothers and one sister. I had no special features that distinguished me from my siblings. I had a happy childhood, surrounded by friends and a stable family." — A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

1. About the Chapter

'My Childhood' is an excerpt from 'Wings of Fire' (1999), the autobiography of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam — India's 11th President, 'Missile Man', and one of the most respected scientists of modern India. The chapter focuses on:

  • His early years in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu
  • His family background — a humble Tamil Muslim home
  • His Hindu friends and the warmth of communal harmony in his childhood
  • Two formative incidents that taught him about India's pluralistic culture
  • His introduction to hard work through small jobs during WWII

Why This Chapter Matters

  • A first-hand account of Indian pluralism in action
  • A profile of one of the most beloved Indian scientists and presidents
  • A model of humble origins → national leadership
  • A vital chapter on secular India

2. About A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Quick Facts

  • Full name: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
  • Born: 15 October 1931, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu
  • Died: 27 July 2015, Shillong, Meghalaya (collapsed while delivering a lecture at IIM Shillong, aged 83)
  • Profession: Aerospace engineer, scientist, politician, professor
  • Religion: Muslim (but deeply respectful of all religions)
  • Marital Status: Unmarried — devoted his life to nation-building
  • Title: 'People's President', 'Missile Man of India'

Career

  • DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) — early career
  • ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) — Project Director of SLV-3
  • DRDO again — led India's missile programme (Agni, Prithvi)
  • Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests (May 1998) — key scientific organiser
  • 11th President of India (2002-2007)
  • Visiting Professor at IISc, IITs, Anna University after presidency

Major Honours

  • Bharat Ratna (1997)
  • Padma Bhushan (1981)
  • Padma Vibhushan (1990)
  • King Charles II Medal (UK), Hoover Medal (USA), Veer Savarkar Award

Famous Works

  • 'Wings of Fire' (1999) — autobiography (this chapter is excerpted)
  • 'India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium'
  • 'Ignited Minds' (2002)
  • 'My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions'
  • 'Indomitable Spirit'

Why People Loved Him

  • Lived modestly as President — refused special privileges
  • Loved children and teachers — his happiest moments were with students
  • Vegetarian, simple living
  • Inspired millions of students to pursue science and dreams
  • Combined deep faith with deep science

3. Setting

  • Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu — small pilgrimage island town in southern India
  • Time: 1930s and 1940s (Kalam was born 1931)
  • WWII era (1939-1945) figures in the chapter
  • A society where Hindu temples and Muslim mosques coexisted naturally

4. Family Background

His Parents

  • Father — Jainulabdeen: A pious Muslim, owned a boat that carried pilgrims between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi. Worked closely with the Hindu priests of the Rameswaram temple. Mosque imam in the locality. Devout but not narrow-minded.
  • Mother — Ashiamma: Devoted homemaker. Cooked, cared for the family. Provided emotional support. Distant ancestry included Bahadur (a war veteran) — possibly Sufi origins.

Siblings

  • Kalam was the youngest of:
    • Three brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar, Mustafa Kalam, Kasim Mohammed
    • One sister: Asim Zohra

Family Atmosphere

  • Large, close-knit family
  • Three generations lived under one roof
  • Hospitable home — always feeding extra mouths
  • Strict discipline + abundant love
  • Religious but tolerant — celebrated all neighbours' festivals

5. Detailed Summary

Part 1 — Birth and Early Years

Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 in the holy island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, into a middle-class Tamil Muslim family. He was the youngest of three brothers and one sister.

His father Jainulabdeen was a man of simple means — owned a small boat that ferried pilgrims between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi (the southernmost tip). He was also an imam at the local mosque and worked closely with the Hindu temple priests.

His mother Ashiamma ran a modest household. Kalam remembers her cooking — generous quantities of rice, sambar, and chutney — feeding their large family.

Kalam describes himself as "a short boy with rather undistinguished looks". He was the youngest, with three older brothers and a sister. He had no special features that stood out from his siblings.

Part 2 — His Childhood Friends

Kalam grew up with three Hindu friends:

  • Ramanadha Sastry — son of Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Rameswaram Temple
  • Aravindan — later worked in transport
  • Sivaprakasan — later became a railway catering contractor

Despite religious differences, the four boys were inseparable. The chapter highlights:

  • They wore similar arabic caps — could not be distinguished by appearance
  • They were all Brahmin/Muslim mix but always treated each other as equals
  • No one ever made an issue of their different religions

This was Kalam's first lesson in India's composite culture.

Part 3 — WWII and Selling Tamarind Seeds

When World War II broke out (1939-45), Kalam was around 8-9 years old. Suddenly there was a demand for tamarind seeds — used in some war supply.

Kalam saw an opportunity. He collected tamarind seeds and sold them to a provision store on Mosque Street. He earned about one anna a day — his first taste of working life.

Part 4 — Newspaper Distribution

Kalam's cousin Samsuddin distributed newspapers in Rameswaram. The trains stopped at the village briefly. Newspapers were thrown out of the moving train. Samsuddin had to catch them quickly.

When the war effort made the train pass non-stop through Rameswaram (without stopping), Samsuddin needed a helper to catch the newspapers thrown from the moving train.

He hired Kalam for this job. Kalam felt enormous pride earning his own wages — even though it was a small amount. This was his first regular income.

Part 5 — Father's Wisdom

After Kalam's first day of work, his father said something Kalam never forgot:

"My son, the difficulties are part of life. Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection."

Jainulabdeen also taught his children:

  • Honesty in dealings
  • Service to others
  • Tolerance of all religions
  • Hard work — every paisa earned through effort is honourable

6. Two Formative Incidents on Communal Harmony

The two most important incidents in the chapter — both directly relevant to India's secular character.

INCIDENT 1 — The New School Teacher

When Kalam was in the fifth standard, a new teacher arrived at his school. He came into class one day and saw Kalam (Muslim) sitting in the front row next to Ramanadha Sastry (Brahmin, son of the temple priest).

The teacher was uncomfortable with this. He asked Kalam to move to the back row — implying that a Muslim should not sit with a Brahmin priest's son.

Both boys felt hurt:

  • Kalam felt humiliated
  • Ramanadha Sastry felt embarrassed — and his eyes filled with tears
  • They both told their parents what happened

When Lakshmana Sastry (Ramanadha's father, the Rameswaram temple high priest) heard this, he was furious.

He summoned the new teacher to his home and rebuked him strongly:

  • Religion should NEVER divide children
  • Hindu-Muslim friendships are India's strength
  • A teacher who poisons young minds has no place in the school

He gave the teacher a choice: Apologise OR leave Rameswaram.

The teacher realised his mistake, apologised, and changed his ways. The incident became a turning point — both for the teacher and for Kalam, who realised early how strong India's secular fabric could be when good people stood up.

INCIDENT 2 — The Science Teacher Sivasubramania Iyer's Wife

Kalam's science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer was a deeply respected, orthodox Brahmin. He believed in inclusion and once invited Kalam home for a meal.

His wife was an orthodox Brahmin and refused to serve food to a Muslim in her kitchen (a deep-rooted custom in some orthodox Brahmin homes of that era).

The teacher was undeterred. He served the food himself to Kalam — in his own kitchen — while his wife watched.

Then he invited Kalam again the next week. This time the wife served Kalam herself — having reflected and changed her view.

This was a quiet but profound moment: an orthodox Brahmin woman's heart changed by her husband's quiet conviction. Kalam never forgot this — it taught him:

  • Change is possible
  • One person's example can break centuries-old barriers
  • India's strength is in tolerance

7. Themes

1. India's Composite Culture

The four childhood friends — Hindu and Muslim — show how naturally Indians from different communities grew up together in pre-Independence India. This is the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb at its purest.

2. Standing Up to Prejudice

Both incidents show someone standing up to communal prejudice:

  • Lakshmana Sastry standing up to the new teacher
  • Sivasubramania Iyer standing up to his own wife's prejudice

Kalam emphasises: bigotry must be challenged, even within one's own community.

3. The Dignity of Labour

Kalam's first jobs — tamarind seeds, newspaper distribution — taught him the dignity of labour. He took pride in earning his own first paisa.

4. Family Values

The chapter emphasises:

  • Father's wisdom: 'Adversity presents opportunities for introspection'
  • Mother's love: feeding everyone generously
  • Sibling closeness

5. Education and Mentors

  • Lakshmana Sastry — moral mentor (defended communal harmony)
  • Sivasubramania Iyer — academic mentor (and lived inclusion)

Both teachers shaped Kalam.

6. The Foundations of a Future Leader

This chapter shows the roots of the Kalam India would later know — the humility, the secularism, the hard work, the family values. The Missile Man + People's President was forged in Rameswaram.


8. Key Quotations

"My son, the difficulties are part of life. Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection." — Jainulabdeen (Kalam's father)

"I was a short boy with rather undistinguished looks."

"Despite the obvious religious differences, my three closest friends and I went around together as a band."

"Religion should never divide children. Hindu-Muslim friendships are India's strength." — Lakshmana Sastry (paraphrased)


9. Characters

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (Narrator)

  • Youngest child, ordinary-looking
  • Sensitive, observant, devoted student
  • Hard-working from a young age

Jainulabdeen (Father)

  • Boat-owner, mosque imam
  • Devout but tolerant
  • Strict but loving
  • Wise — taught Kalam philosophy of life

Ashiamma (Mother)

  • Generous homemaker
  • Cooked and cared for the large family
  • Source of emotional security

Ramanadha Sastry (Friend)

  • Hindu, son of Rameswaram temple priest
  • Lifelong friend of Kalam
  • Suffered alongside Kalam in the school incident

Lakshmana Sastry (Father of Ramanadha)

  • Head priest of Rameswaram Temple
  • Defender of communal harmony
  • Took on the prejudiced teacher

Sivasubramania Iyer (Science Teacher)

  • Brahmin, science teacher
  • Liberal, inclusive
  • Bridged Hindu-Muslim divide in his own home

The New Teacher

  • Came with prejudice
  • Was reformed by Lakshmana Sastry
  • Symbol of how good education can change minds

Samsuddin (Cousin)

  • Newspaper distributor
  • Gave Kalam his first regular job

10. Literary Features

Genre

  • Autobiographical excerpt (from 'Wings of Fire', 1999)
  • Memoir / personal essay

Style

  • Simple, direct, accessible English
  • First-person narration
  • Warm, sincere tone
  • No literary ornamentation — Kalam writes as he speaks

Tone

  • Modest, grateful, thoughtful
  • Quietly proud of his roots
  • Never bitter (despite encountering prejudice)

Structure

  • Loose chronological — childhood → early jobs → key incidents
  • Anecdotes that build up character and lessons

Vocabulary

  • Reflects Indian context
  • Tamil words: anna (currency)
  • Religious vocabulary: imam, Brahmin, Mosque Street, temple priest

11. Central Message

  1. India's diversity is its strength — Hindu-Muslim friendships from childhood are normal and beautiful.
  2. Stand up against prejudice — wherever you see it, including in your own family.
  3. Dignity of labour — even small earnings honourably made are sources of pride.
  4. Family values matter — parents' wisdom shapes a child's character.
  5. One teacher can transform — both Lakshmana Sastry and Sivasubramania Iyer changed Kalam.
  6. Roots of greatness — humble origins are not obstacles; they are foundations.

12. Today's Relevance

India in 2026

  • Communal harmony under stress in many parts of India
  • Kalam's example is a constant reference point for secular Indians
  • Schools across India read this chapter for moral education
  • His memorial in Rameswaram attracts thousands of visitors annually

Indian Identity

  • Kalam represented what India could be at its best:
    • Muslim by birth, beloved by all
    • Scientist + humanist
    • Rural origins + global stature
    • Modesty + greatness

For Students

  • Adversity is opportunity (father's wisdom)
  • Hard work pays
  • Friendship transcends religion
  • Stand up to prejudice
  • Family values are foundational

13. Conclusion

'My Childhood' is more than a memoir — it is a foundational document of Indian secularism, written by one of independent India's most beloved figures. APJ Abdul Kalam's Rameswaram childhood — with its Hindu friends, its hardworking father, its generous mother, its courageous mentors — gives us a model of what India can be.

The two key incidents in the chapter — the new teacher rebuked by Lakshmana Sastry, and the science teacher's wife who changed her mind — are powerful examples of how communal harmony is built one decision at a time, by good people standing up for the right thing.

For Class 9 students in 2026, when communal tensions sometimes flare across India, Kalam's chapter is a gentle, powerful reminder of who we are at our best — and what we owe to the next generation. His life shows that great leaders are made not by power or fame, but by the values they absorb in childhood.

The Missile Man of India began as a short boy with undistinguished looks — and ended as the People's President. His childhood story tells us how.

Key formulas & results

Everything you need to memorise, in one card. Screenshot this for revision.

Author
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (15 Oct 1931 – 27 Jul 2015)
Born Rameswaram, TN; died Shillong (lecturing at IIM)
Source
Excerpt from 'Wings of Fire' (1999) — Kalam's autobiography
Co-authored with Arun Tiwari
Father
Jainulabdeen — boat-owner (ferried pilgrims), mosque imam
Mother
Ashiamma — devoted homemaker
Siblings
Three brothers + one sister; Kalam was youngest
Kalam's titles
Missile Man of India; People's President; 11th President of India (2002-2007)
Bharat Ratna
1997
Also Padma Bhushan 1981, Padma Vibhushan 1990
Setting
Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu — 1930s-40s
Three Hindu friends
Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan, Sivaprakasan
Lifelong companions
Lakshmana Sastry
Father of Ramanadha; head priest of Rameswaram Temple
Defended communal harmony
Sivasubramania Iyer
Kalam's Brahmin science teacher
Invited Kalam home; broke caste barrier
First jobs
Selling tamarind seeds (WWII era); helping cousin Samsuddin distribute newspapers
Earned one anna a day
Famous quote (father)
'Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection'
⚠️

Common mistakes & fixes

These are the exact errors that cost students marks in board exams. Read them once, save yourself the trouble.

WATCH OUT
Saying Kalam's full name is just 'Abdul Kalam'
Full name: AVUL PAKIR JAINULABDEEN ABDUL KALAM — APJ stands for Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen.
WATCH OUT
Mistaking the source book
This chapter is from 'WINGS OF FIRE' (1999) — Kalam's autobiography, co-authored with Arun Tiwari. Not from 'Ignited Minds' or other works.
WATCH OUT
Confusing the two incidents
Incident 1: New teacher at school made Kalam move to back row (Lakshmana Sastry intervened). Incident 2: Sivasubramania Iyer's wife refused to serve Kalam (later changed her mind).
WATCH OUT
Saying Kalam was the eldest child
Kalam was the YOUNGEST — three brothers and one sister came before him.
WATCH OUT
Wrong place of birth or death
Born Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu (1931). Died Shillong, Meghalaya (2015) — collapsed while lecturing at IIM Shillong.

Practice problems

Try each one yourself before tapping "Show solution". Active recall > rereading.

Q1EASY· Author
From which autobiography is the chapter 'My Childhood' taken?
Show solution
✦ Answer: From 'Wings of Fire' (1999) — APJ Abdul Kalam's autobiography, co-authored with Arun Tiwari.
Q2EASY· Family
Who were Kalam's parents and what did his father do?
Show solution
✦ Answer: Father Jainulabdeen was a boat-owner (ferried pilgrims between Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi) and a mosque imam. Mother Ashiamma was a devoted homemaker. Kalam was the youngest of three brothers and one sister.
Q3MEDIUM· Incident-1
Describe the incident with the new school teacher and how it was resolved.
Show solution
Step 1 — The new teacher arrives. When Kalam was in fifth standard, a new teacher came to his school. The teacher saw Kalam (Muslim) sitting in the front row next to Ramanadha Sastry (Brahmin, son of temple priest). Step 2 — The discrimination. Uncomfortable with this seating, the teacher ordered Kalam to MOVE TO THE BACK ROW — implying that a Muslim should not sit with a Brahmin priest's son. Step 3 — Both boys felt hurt. Kalam felt humiliated; Ramanadha's eyes filled with tears. They both told their parents about the incident. Step 4 — Lakshmana Sastry's intervention. Lakshmana Sastry (Ramanadha's father, head priest of Rameswaram Temple) was furious. He summoned the teacher to his home and rebuked him strongly: religion should NEVER divide children. He gave the teacher a choice — APOLOGISE OR LEAVE RAMESWARAM. Step 5 — Resolution. The teacher realised his mistake, apologised, and changed his ways. The incident became a powerful turning point for Kalam — he saw firsthand how good people can defend communal harmony. ✦ Answer: A new teacher in Class 5 made Kalam move from the front row to the back row because Kalam (Muslim) was sitting next to Ramanadha Sastry (Brahmin priest's son). Both boys felt hurt. Ramanadha's father — Lakshmana Sastry, the temple high priest — summoned the teacher, rebuked him, and gave him a choice: apologise or leave Rameswaram. The teacher apologised and reformed. The incident taught Kalam how communal harmony depends on good people standing up to prejudice.
Q4MEDIUM· Incident-2
What happened when Kalam went to Sivasubramania Iyer's home for a meal?
Show solution
Step 1 — The invitation. Sivasubramania Iyer, Kalam's Brahmin science teacher, invited Kalam home for a meal. This was unusual because orthodox Brahmin homes traditionally did not serve food to Muslims in their kitchens. Step 2 — The wife's refusal. When Kalam arrived, the teacher's wife refused to serve food to him in her kitchen — citing the orthodox custom. Step 3 — The teacher's quiet conviction. Sivasubramania Iyer was undeterred. He SERVED THE FOOD HIMSELF to Kalam — in his own kitchen — while his wife watched. Step 4 — The transformation. The teacher invited Kalam again the next week. This time, the WIFE SERVED KALAM HERSELF — she had reflected and changed her view. Step 5 — The lesson. This quiet incident taught Kalam: change is possible; one person's principled example can break centuries-old prejudices; India's tolerance is built one heart at a time. ✦ Answer: Sivasubramania Iyer, Kalam's Brahmin science teacher, invited Kalam home for a meal. His wife refused to serve a Muslim. The teacher quietly served Kalam himself in the kitchen — while his wife watched. The next week, when Kalam was invited again, the WIFE HERSELF served him — she had changed her view. This incident taught Kalam that one person's quiet conviction can transform deep-rooted prejudices.
Q5HARD· Analysis
How do the two formative incidents in the chapter together illustrate India's secular, composite culture? What lessons do they offer for today?
Show solution
Step 1 — The two incidents. Incident 1: Lakshmana Sastry rebuking the prejudiced new teacher. Incident 2: Sivasubramania Iyer's wife changing her mind about serving a Muslim guest. Step 2 — What they share. Both incidents involve a HINDU person (Lakshmana Sastry, Sivasubramania Iyer) standing up FOR a MUSLIM (Kalam). Both show prejudice DEFEATED by principled action. Step 3 — India's composite culture (Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb). These incidents are not abstract — they are LIVED examples of India's pluralistic ethos. Hindu temple priest defending Muslim child. Brahmin teacher's wife changing her mind. This is what India looks like when it is at its best. Step 4 — The role of individuals. Both incidents show that COMMUNAL HARMONY DEPENDS ON INDIVIDUAL COURAGE. It doesn't happen automatically. It requires: • Lakshmana Sastry to summon the teacher • Sivasubramania Iyer to serve the food himself • The Brahmin wife to reflect and change Step 5 — The young Kalam absorbs. Both incidents happened to him personally. He saw both — the prejudice AND the brave response. He carried these lessons through life. As President of India, he was loved by people of ALL religions — fruit of these childhood seeds. Step 6 — Lessons for today (2026). • Communal harmony is NOT automatic — it must be actively defended • Prejudice is real but can be challenged successfully • One brave act can change attitudes • Children watch us — what we do shapes their worldview • India's strength is its diversity; protecting it is our shared duty Step 7 — Application to current India. In 2026, India faces tensions over religion in many parts. Kalam's chapter is taught in CBSE schools across India PRECISELY BECAUSE these lessons are needed. Every classroom that reads this chapter is a small Lakshmana Sastry moment. Step 8 — Beyond religion. The lessons apply beyond Hindu-Muslim relations: • Caste prejudice • Regional prejudice • Gender prejudice • Class prejudice Wherever prejudice appears, the lessons are the same. Step 9 — Kalam's legacy. Kalam's life — Missile Man + People's President + loved by all communities — is the FRUIT of these childhood lessons. India's composite culture made him; and his life made India proud. Step 10 — Conclusion. The two incidents together are not just personal anecdotes — they are MICROCOSMS of India's secular vision. They show that real secularism is built through individual acts of courage, friendship, and principled action. ✦ Answer: The two incidents illustrate India's secular culture in action — Lakshmana Sastry (Hindu temple priest) defending Kalam against a prejudiced teacher, and Sivasubramania Iyer (Brahmin teacher) breaking a caste-based food custom in his own home. Both show that COMMUNAL HARMONY IS BUILT BY INDIVIDUAL COURAGE — not just institutions or speeches. Lessons for today's India: prejudice can be challenged successfully, one act at a time; children absorb what they see; protecting India's diversity is a shared responsibility. Kalam's later life — beloved Missile Man and People's President — is the fruit of these childhood seeds.

5-minute revision

The whole chapter, distilled. Read this the night before the exam.

  • Author: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (15 Oct 1931 – 27 Jul 2015)
  • Full name: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
  • Source book: 'Wings of Fire' (1999) autobiography
  • Born: Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu
  • Died: Shillong, Meghalaya — collapsed while lecturing at IIM
  • Position: 11th President of India (2002-2007)
  • Title: Missile Man of India; People's President
  • Bharat Ratna 1997; Padma Bhushan 1981; Padma Vibhushan 1990
  • Father: Jainulabdeen — boat-owner (ferried pilgrims), mosque imam
  • Mother: Ashiamma — homemaker
  • Siblings: 3 brothers + 1 sister; Kalam was youngest
  • Friends (all Hindu): Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan, Sivaprakasan
  • Lakshmana Sastry: father of Ramanadha; head priest of Rameswaram Temple
  • Sivasubramania Iyer: Brahmin science teacher
  • Cousin: Samsuddin (newspaper distributor)
  • First jobs: tamarind seeds (WWII); helping with newspapers — one anna a day
  • Incident 1: New teacher → Kalam moved to back row → Lakshmana Sastry intervened
  • Incident 2: Iyer's wife refused to serve Kalam → husband served him → wife later served him herself
  • Father's wisdom: 'Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection'
  • Themes: composite culture, secular India, dignity of labour, family values, mentor's influence

CBSE marks blueprint

Where the marks come from in this chapter — so you can plan your prep.

Typical chapter weightage: 5-6 marks per board paper

Question typeMarks eachTypical countWhat it tests
MCQ / Very Short11-2Author; source book; parents; key teacher
Short Answer31-2Two incidents; first jobs; father's wisdom
Long Answer50-1Composite culture; secular vision; relevance today
Prep strategy
  • Full name: AVUL PAKIR JAINULABDEEN ABDUL KALAM
  • Source: 'Wings of Fire' (1999), with Arun Tiwari
  • Three Hindu friends: Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan, Sivaprakasan
  • Two key mentors: Lakshmana Sastry (priest), Sivasubramania Iyer (science teacher)
  • Two incidents — know them precisely
  • First jobs: tamarind seeds (WWII), newspaper distribution with cousin Samsuddin
  • Father's quote: 'Adversity presents opportunities for introspection'

Where this shows up in the real world

This chapter isn't just an exam topic — it lives in the world around you.

Kalam Memorial, Rameswaram

Built at his birthplace in Tamil Nadu — attracts thousands of visitors daily.

DRDO's Kalam Missile Complex, Hyderabad

DRDO's missile facility named after him; continues India's missile programme.

Kalam Educational Foundation

Encourages students from rural backgrounds in science and engineering.

Wings of Fire (1999)

Remains one of India's bestselling autobiographies; translated into 13+ Indian languages.

Kalam-Raju Stent

Affordable cardiac stent he co-developed with Dr. Soma Raju — reduced costs for Indian heart patients.

Exam strategy

Battle-tested tips from teachers and toppers for this chapter.

  1. Start with Kalam's full name and the source book (Wings of Fire, 1999)
  2. Distinguish the two incidents clearly — many students confuse them
  3. Quote father's wisdom: 'Adversity presents opportunities for introspection'
  4. Mention Bharat Ratna 1997 and Presidency 2002-2007 for context
  5. For long answers, emphasise SECULAR INDIA and COMPOSITE CULTURE
  6. Connect to today's India and the need for communal harmony

Going beyond the textbook

For olympiad aspirants and curious learners — topics that build on this chapter.

  • Read full 'Wings of Fire' — chapters on SLV-3, missile programme, Pokhran
  • Other Kalam books: 'Ignited Minds', 'India 2020', 'My Journey'
  • Indian missile programme history: IGMDP, Agni, BrahMos
  • Pokhran-II nuclear tests (May 1998) — political and scientific context
  • Kalam's vision for India 2020 vs reality in 2026 — assessment essay
  • Compare Kalam with C.V. Raman, Vikram Sarabhai (other great Indian scientists)

Where else this chapter is tested

CBSE board isn't the only one — other exams test this chapter too.

CBSE Board Class 9High
English Olympiad (SOF IEO)Medium
Science OlympiadMedium — Kalam context
UPSC General StudiesHigh — modern Indian history, science
Tamil Nadu PSCHigh — Kalam was from Tamil Nadu

Questions students ask

The real ones — pulled from the Q&A community and tutor sessions.

He led India's missile development programme at DRDO. Key projects: Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag — the IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme). Under his leadership, India became one of the few nations with indigenous missile technology. He was also a key organiser of the Pokhran-II nuclear tests (1998), earning him both 'Missile Man' and a national hero status.

As 11th President of India (2002-2007), Kalam refused presidential luxuries: he lived simply, met thousands of schoolchildren personally, replied to letters from ordinary citizens, donated his salary, and lived modestly. He toured villages, met farmers, taught at universities. People loved him because he was approachable and lived the values he preached. He was the FIRST President in living memory whose office felt like everyone's grandfather's office.

On 27 July 2015, Kalam was delivering a lecture at IIM Shillong (Indian Institute of Management, Shillong, Meghalaya) on the topic 'Creating a Liveable Planet'. He collapsed during the lecture due to a cardiac arrest and was declared dead at the hospital. He was 83. The nation observed a 7-day mourning. He was buried in his hometown Rameswaram, where his memorial now attracts millions of visitors.
Verified by the tuition.in editorial team
Last reviewed on 20 May 2026. Written and reviewed by subject-matter experts — read about our process.
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