A student is revising for the AP SSC Biology exam. List the FIVE most important diagram questions and FIVE most important concept questions that cover the maximum marks.

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TOP 5 DIAGRAM QUESTIONS (4 marks each — these are the highest-value questions): (1) NEPHRON DIAGRAM: Label all parts — Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, PCT, Loop of Henle (descending + ascending), DCT, collecting duct. Show arrows for filtrate flow. Describe 3 processes (filtration, reabsorption, secretion). (2) HUMAN HEART DIAGRAM: Label all 4 chambers (RA, RV, LA, LV), 4 major vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein), and valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, semilunar). Show direction of blood flow. (3) NEURON DIAGRAM: Label dendrites, cell body/cyton, axon, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, terminal buttons. Describe each function. (4) FLOWER DIAGRAM: Label sepals, petals, stamen (anther + filament), pistil (stigma + style + ovary + ovule). Explain pollination and fertilisation. (5) MONOHYBRID PUNNETT SQUARE: Cross Tt × Tt. Show all gametes and F2 genotypes. State 3:1 phenotype ratio and the Mendel's laws demonstrated. TOP 5 CONCEPT QUESTIONS (3-4 marks each — frequently asked): (1) DOUBLE FERTILISATION: Explain why it is called 'double', what two fusions occur, and what each produces (embryo + endosperm). Unique to angiosperms. (2) REFLEX ARC: Name all 5 components in order (receptor → sensory neuron → relay neuron → motor neuron → effector). Explain the hot-object withdrawal example. Why is it faster than a voluntary response? (3) DOUBLE CIRCULATION: Trace the complete path of blood from right atrium, through both loops, back to right atrium. Name vessels and valves at each step. (4) DARWIN'S THEORY: State 5 steps of natural selection. Give evidence using homologous structures (definition + example) vs analogous structures (definition + example). (5) HOMEOSTASIS / NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: Define homeostasis. Explain blood glucose regulation (insulin lowers, glucagon raises). Name both hormones, their source (pancreas), and what cell types produce them (beta cells, alpha cells).

Practice — Biological Science — Life Processes, Reproduction, Heredity & Evolution (SSC)

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