Chapter 0 of 14

The Junk Seller, Jugs and Mugs, & Carts and Wheels

Three practical math chapters: BUYING and SELLING junk (money and multiplication), MEASURING liquids (litres and millilitres), and understanding CIRCLES through wheels. CBSE Class 4 Mathematics (Math-Magic) Chapters 6-8.

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The Junk Seller, Jugs and Mugs & Carts and Wheels

Part 1 — The Junk Seller (Money)

What You Will Learn

Handling MONEY (rupees and paise)
Buying and selling — profit and loss
Multiplication in real life

Kiran the Junk Seller

Kiran buys OLD things (junk) — newspapers, bottles, iron, plastic — and sells them to recycling factories.

Kiran buys:

5 kg of newspaper at ₹4 per kg = 5 × ₹4 = ₹20
3 kg of iron at ₹12 per kg = 3 × ₹12 = ₹36
10 kg of plastic at ₹8 per kg = 10 × ₹8 = ₹80

Total money Kiran spent = ₹20 + ₹36 + ₹80 = ₹136

Kiran sells the junk to the factory for ₹200. Her PROFIT = ₹200 — ₹136 = ₹64.

Part 2 — Jugs and Mugs (Capacity/Volume)

Measuring Liquids

A litre (L) is the main unit for measuring liquids
Water, milk, oil, juice — all measured in LITRES
1 Litre (L) = 1,000 Millilitres (mL)

Everyday Examples

Container	Capacity
A teaspoon	~5 mL
A small cup	~200 mL
A water bottle	~1 L
A bucket	~10-15 L

Practice Questions

A jug holds 2 L of water. How many mL is that? (Answer: 2,000 mL)
If a cup holds 250 mL, how many cups fill a 1 L bottle? (Answer: 4 cups)
A bottle has 1.5 L of juice. How many mL? (Answer: 1,500 mL)

Part 3 — Carts and Wheels (Circles)

What You Will Learn

What is a CIRCLE?
Parts of a circle: centre, radius, diameter
Why wheels are ROUND

The Circle

A circle is a round shape with:

CENTRE: The middle point — exactly the SAME distance from every point on the circle
RADIUS: The distance from the centre to ANY point on the circle
DIAMETER: A line passing through the centre — from one side to the other. Diameter = 2 × Radius.

Why Are Wheels Round?

A round wheel rolls SMOOTHLY
All points on the edge are the SAME distance from the centre
Square wheels would go BUMP-BUMP-BUMP!

Drawing a Circle

Use a COMPASS:

Place the sharp point on the paper (this is the CENTRE)
Hold the top and rotate. Keep the radius the SAME.
Your pencil draws a PERFECT CIRCLE.

Practice

If the radius of a wheel is 10 cm, what is its diameter? (Answer: 20 cm)
Name 5 objects that are CIRCULAR.
Why can't a square wheel work on a cart?

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